Discussion of disyllabic nouns ending in -κος, their accentuation (barytization) rules and exceptions, with examples (personal names, place-names, rivers, ethnics) and citations from Strabo, Hecataeus, etc.
Τὰ εἰς 'κος' δισύλλαβα κύρια, εἰ ἔχοι τὴν πρὸ τέλους συλλαβὴν εἰς σύμφωνον καταλήγουσαν, βαρύνεται, Μάκκος, Ὄγκος τὸ κύριον. Λύγκος πόλις Ἠπείρου. Στράβων ἑβδόμῃ. ἐκλήθη ἀπὸ Λυγκέως. Φόρκος. Σύλκοι πόλις ἐν Σαρδοῖ, Καρχηδονίων κτίσμα. λέγεται καὶ Σόλκοι, ὡς Ἀρτεμίδωρος ἐν ἐπιτομῇ «ἀπὸ δὲ Καράλεως ἐπὶ Σόλκους». Τὰ εἰς 'κος' δισύλλαβα προσηγορικὰ μὴ παρασχηματιζόμενα εἰς θηλυκὸν γένος, εἰ ἔχοι τὴν πρὸ τέλους συλλαβὴν εἰς σύμφωνον καταλήγουσαν, πλὴν τοῦ 'λ', βαρύνεται, λάκκος, σάκκος, ἄρκος, κέρκος, ὅρκος. σεσημείωται τὸ θριγκός. τὸ δὲ χαλκός ἔχει τὸ 'λ'. καὶ τὸ φολκός ἐστι τριγενὲς ἔχον καὶ τὸ 'λ'. Τὰ εἰς 'κος' δισύλλαβα μετ´ ἐπιπλοκῆς συμφώνου τοῦ 'σ' ἀπὸ συμφώνου ἀρχόμενα βαρύνεται, δίσκος, Φύσκος υἱὸς τοῦ Αἰτωλοῦ τοῦ Ἀμφικτύονος τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος. Ἑκαταῖος «ἐὼν δὲ πρεσβύτερος Λοκρὸς ἦν Φύσκου παῖς». «Φύσκος δὲ ἀφ´ οὗ οἱ Λέλεγες οἱ νῦν Λοκροί....» καὶ τὸ ἔθνος ὁμοφώνως. Ῥιανὸς δὲ Φυσκέας αὐτοὺς καλεῖ. ἔστι καὶ ποταμὸς Φύσκος, καθά φησι Σοφαίνετος ἐν Κύρου ἀναβάσει. ἔστι καὶ Φύσκος πόλις Λοκρίδος καὶ ἑτέρα τῆς Καρίας. ἔστι δὲ λιμὴν Ῥόδου. ἔστι καὶ ἄλλη Μακεδονίας. μύσκος. Ζύσκος ποταμὸς Μακεδονίας, ὡς Ἀντιγενίδης φησί. Κέσκος. τὸ δὲ ἀσκός ἀπὸ φωνήεντος ἄρχεται. Τὰ εἰς 'κος' διβράχεα μονογενῆ, εἴτε ἀρσενικὰ εἴτε θηλυκά, βαρύνεται, εἰ μὴ διαστολή τις σημαινομένου γένοιτο, οἷον λύκος καὶ Λύκος υἱὸς Πανδίονος, Πλάκος «ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ» (Ζ 396), πόκος, τόκος, Μύκος ἔθνος Περσίδος, περὶ οὗ Ἑκαταῖος ἐν Ἀσίᾳ «ἐκ Μύκων εἰς Ἀράξην ποταμόν». Ἴκος νῆσος τῶν Κυκλάδων προσεχὴς τῇ Εὐβοίᾳ, κρίκος. τὸ δοκός πρὸς ἀντιδιαστολὴν τοῦ δόκος τοῦ σημαίνοντος τὴν δόκησιν. καὶ παρὰ Ἀριστοφάνει ἐν Ταγηνισταῖς σημαίνει τὴν ἀγχόνην. σεσημείωται τὸ φακός ὀξύτονον. τὸ δὲ Φάκος κύριον ὄνομα ὄρους. Ἑκαταῖος «πρὸς μὲν νῶτον Πακτωλὸς καὶ Φάκος».
Disyllabic proper nouns in -κος, if they have the syllable before the last ending in a consonant, are barytone: Μάκκος, Ὄγκος (the proper name). Λύγκος, a city of Epirus; Strabo in the seventh book: it was named from Λυγκεύς. Φόρκος. Σύλκοι, a city in Sardinia, a foundation of the Carthaginians; it is also called Σόλκοι, as Artemidorus says in the epitome, “and from Καράλεις to Σόλκοι.”
Disyllabic appellatives in -κος that are not provided with a corresponding feminine form, if they have the syllable before the last ending in a consonant—except λ—are barytone: λάκκος, σάκκος, ἄρκος, κέρκος, ὅρκος. Noted is θριγκός; but χαλκός has λ, and φολκός is of three genders and also has λ.
Disyllables in -κος with a consonant cluster including σ, beginning with a consonant, are barytone: δίσκος; Φύσκος, son of Aetolus, son of Amphictyon, son of Deucalion. Hecataeus: “and being older, Locrus was the son of Φύσκος”; and “from Φύσκος, from whom the Leleges, now the Locrians…,” and the ethnicon likewise. Rianus calls them Φυσκέαι. There is also a river Φύσκος, as Sophainetus says in the Anabasis of Cyrus; and there is also Φύσκος, a city of Locris, and another of Caria; and there is a harbor of Rhodes; and there is also another in Macedonia. μύσκος. Ζύσκος, a river of Macedonia, as Antigenides says. Κέσκος. But ἀσκός begins with a vowel.
Monogender dibrach disyllables in -κος, whether masculine or feminine, are barytone, unless some distinction of meaning arises, as for example λύκος and Λύκος, son of Pandion; Πλάκος, “beneath wooded Πλάκος” (Ζ 396); πόκος, τόκος; Μύκος, a people of Persis, concerning whom Hecataeus in Asia says, “from the Μύκοι to the river Ἀράξης”; Ἴκος, an island of the Cyclades near Euboea; κρῖκος. δοκός is so accented in contrast to δόκος meaning ‘opinion’; and in Aristophanes in the Ταγηνισταί it means ‘noose’. Noted is φακός as oxytone; but Φάκος is a proper name of a mountain. Hecataeus: “to the south, the Pactolus and Φάκος.”