Greek accentuation of names ending in -κος and -ακος; rules and examples for oxytone vs paroxytone, with place-names and ethnics.
Τὰ εἰς 'κος' δισύλλαβα τριγενῆ ὀξύνεται οἷον λευκός, γλαυκός, μικκός «τοῖς μικκοῖς μικκὰ δίδωσι θεός» πλὴν τῶν παραληγόντων τῷ 'ω'. Τὰ εἰς 'κος' ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβὰς 'α' παραληγόμενα, οὗ προηγεῖται σύμφωνον ἢ σύμφωνα, κύρια ὄντα βαρύνεται, Λάβδακος, Πίνακος, Ἀσσάρακος, Ἴθακος ἥρως. τὸ ἐθνικὸν ὁμοφώνως τῷ οἰκιστῇ «Ἴθακος Ὀδυσσεύς». Φύλακος, Ὕλακος, Νώρακος πόλις Παννονίας. Γάζακος κώμη μεγάλη τῆς Μηδίας. Ἀρριανὸς ἐν Παρθικῶν τετάρτῃ «τῆς Γαζάκου» Θάψακος πόλις Συρίας πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ. Θεόπομπος ἐν Φιλιππικῶν τρίτῳ. σεσημείωται τὸ Ἀστακός—πόλις Βιθυνίας ἀπὸ Ἀστακοῦ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος καὶ νύμφης Ὀλβίας, ὡς Ἀρριανὸς ἐν Βιθυνιακοῖς ἱστορεῖ. ἔστι καὶ Ἀκαρνανίας πόλις—καὶ Ναννακός καὶ Θημακός δῆμος τῆς Ἐρεχθηΐδος φυλῆς. * Τὰ εἰς 'ακος' λήγοντα τρισύλλαβα, τὴν πρώτην συλλαβὴν εἰς ἀμετάβολον καταλήγουσαν ἔχοντα προπαροξύνεται, Λάμψακος πόλις κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα ἀπὸ Λαμψάκης, ἐπιχωρίας τινὸς κόρης. Ῥύνδακος πόλις καὶ ποταμὸς μεταξὺ Φρυγίας καὶ Ἑλλησπόντου «Ῥύνδακον ἀμφὶ βαθύσχοινον». λέγεται καὶ Ῥύνδαξ. Ὕρτακος ἥρως καὶ πόλις Κρήτης. Σπάρτακος πόλις Θρᾴκης. Ἐρατοσθένης ἐν Γαλατικῶν δευτέρῳ. Φάρνακος, Ἄρτακος ἔθνος Θρᾴκιον. Ἄμβρακος πολίχνιον τῆς Ἠπείρου. * Τὰ δὲ εἰς 'ακος' λήγοντα τὴν πρώτην συλλαβὴν εἰς ἄφωνον τὸ αὐτό, ἀφ´ οὗ ἄρχεται ἡ δευτέρα, καταλήγουσαν ἔχοντα ὀξύνεται, Πιττακός καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. * Τὰ εἰς 'κος' ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβὰς 'α' παραληγόμενα, οὗ προηγεῖται φωνῆεν, ὀξύνεται, Καλλιακός, Αἰακός, Πιακός πόλις Σικελίας.
Disyllabic, three-gender words in -κος are accented on the ultima, e.g. λευκός, γλαυκός, μικκός (“to the μικκοί a god gives μικκά”), except those whose penult has ω. Words in -κος of more than two syllables, with penult α, where a consonant or consonants precede, being proper names, are barytone: Λάβδακος, Πίνακος, Ἀσσάρακος, Ἴθακος, a hero; the ethnic name is accented like the founder: “Ἴθακος Ὀδυσσεύς”. Φύλακος, Ὕλακος, Νώρακος, a city of Pannonia. Γάζακος, a large village of Media; Arrian in the fourth book of the Parthica: “of Γάζακος”. Θάψακος, a city of Syria by the Euphrates; Theopompus in the third book of the Philippica. Noted as exceptional is Ἀστακός—a city of Bithynia, from Ἀστακός, son of Poseidon and the nymph Ὀλβία, as Arrian relates in the Bithyniaca. There is also a city of Acarnania—and Ναννακός and Θημακός, a deme of the Erechtheis tribe. Trisyllables ending in -ακος, having the first syllable ending in an immutable consonant, are accented on the antepenult: Λάμψακος, a city on the Propontis, from Λαμψάκη, a certain local maiden. Ῥύνδακος, a city and a river between Phrygia and the Hellespont: “around Ῥύνδακον with its deep rushes”; it is also said Ῥύνδαξ. Ὕρτακος, a hero, and a city of Crete. Σπάρτακος, a city of Thrace; Eratosthenes in the second book of the Galatica. Φάρνακος; Ἄρτακος, a Thracian people. Ἄμβρακος, a small town of Epirus. But those ending in -ακος, having the first syllable ending in the same mute consonant with which the second begins, are accented on the ultima, Πιττακός and the like. Words in -κος of more than two syllables, with penult α, where a vowel precedes, are accented on the ultima: Καλλιακός, Αἰακός, Πιακός, a city of Sicily.