List of ancient place-names (cities), their variant spellings and accents, former names, regional identifications (Bithynia, Thrace, Arcadia, Euboea, Sicily, etc.), and brief literary citations.
τῇ 'αι' διφθόγγῳ προπαροξύνεται, Νίκαια πόλις, νικαία δὲ τὸ θηλυκὸν τοῦ νικαῖος. ἔστι δὲ Νίκαια πόλις Βιθυνίας, Βοττιαίων ἄποικος. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ πρότερον Ἀγκώρη, εἶτα Ἀντιγόνεια, ὕστερον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Λυσιμάχου γυναικὸς Νίκαια μετεκλήθη. δευτέρα τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων Λοκρῶν. τρίτη ἐν Ἰλλυρίδι. τετάρτη ἐν Ἰνδοῖς. πέμπτη ἐν Κύρνῳ τῇ νήσῳ. ἕκτη ἐν Λεύκτροις τῆς Βοιωτίας. ἑβδόμη Κελτικῆς, Μασσαλιωτῶν ἄποικος. ὀγδόη Θρᾴκης. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλαι. Δίπαια πόλις Ἀρκαδίας ἡ καὶ Διπαιεύς. Δίκαια πόλις Θρᾴκης ἀπὸ Δικαίου τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος· ἔστι καὶ ἑτέρα ἐν τῷ Τυρρηνικῷ κόλπῳ Ἰώνων ἄποικος. Λίλαια πόλις Φωκίδος. Λυκόφρων (v. 1073) «πάτραν Λίλαιαν κἀνεμωρείας πέδον». Κάρθαια μία τῆς ἐν Κέῳ τετραπόλεως ἀπὸ Καρθαίου τελευτήσαντος ἐκεῖ. Ἱστίαια πόλις Εὐβοίας. Ὅμηρος «πολυστάφυλον θ´ Ἱστίαιαν» (Β 537). ἡ δὲ διὰ τοῦ 'ι' Ἰωνικὴ γραφή ἐστιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Θετταλίας. τῆς δὲ Εὐβοίας ἀδιάφορος κατὰ τὴν γραφὴν καὶ διὰ τοῦ 'ι' καὶ διὰ τοῦ 'ε' ψιλοῦ. Εὔταια πόλις Ἀρκαδίας. Ξενοφῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἕκτῳ (c. 5, 12, 20 et 21). Ποτίδαια πόλις Θρᾴκης. Βάρκαια πόλις Λιβύης, ἣ καὶ Βάρκη λέγεται, Ἄφθαια πόλις Αἰγύπτου, Ἀφθαία δὲ ἡ Ἑκάτη, Φάσταια πόλις ἐν Σάκαις, Δέραια πόλις Ἀρκαδίας. Ἥραια ἄκρα καταντικρὺ Καλχηδόνος· ταύτην δ´ ἐν συνηθείᾳ Ἠερίαν φασί τινες, κακῶς. ἄλλοι δὲ Ἤριον, μυθοποιοῦντες ὡς ἐκεῖ ὀρύξαντες τάφους χύτρας εὗρον καὶ ὀστᾶ. πειστέον δὲ μᾶλλον τῷ Βιθυνῷ Δημοσθένει ἐν τῷ δʹ βιβλίῳ ἔστι δέ τις προπάροιθε κλυτῆς Καλχηδόνος ἄκρη Ἥραια, τρήχουσα, πολυσπιλάς. ἔνδοθι δ´ αὐτῆς λαΐνεον περὶ τεῖχος ἰὼν κοιλαίνεται εἴσω κόλπος ἁλός· φαίης κεν ἰδὼν βαθυδινέα πάντῃ ἔμμεναι, εἱαμενὴ δὲ καὶ οὐ βυθός ἐστι θαλάσσης. ἔνθα τε νῆας ἦγον, ὀϊόμενοι σκέπας εἶναι αὐτοφυοῦς ὅρμοιο, κακῷ δ´ ἐνέκυρσαν ἑτοίμῳ. καὶ ἄλλοι οὕτως. ἔστι καὶ πόλις Ἀρκαδίας, ἣ ἐλέγετο Σολογοργός. Ἡραία δὲ καλεῖται ἡ ἐλάττων τῶν τριῶν πόλεων Σικελίας, αἳ Ὕβλαι λέγονται. Κάθαια πόλις Ἰνδική. Κυναίθαια πόλις Ἀρκαδίας, ἣ καὶ Κύναιθα λέγεται. Λύκαια πόλις Ἀρκαδίας. Θεόπομπος πεντηκοστῷ ἕκτῳ. παρὰ δὲ Μενελάῳ Λύκαιθα μετὰ τοῦ 'θ'. Μάργαια πόλις Ἠλείας. Μελίταια πόλις Θεσσαλίας. Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀσίᾳ. Θεόπομπος δὲ Μελίτειαν αὐτήν φησιν. καὶ Μελίτεια Φίλων γράφει. Νίναια πόλις Οἰνωτρῶν. Ἑκαταῖος Εὐρώπῃ. Νίσαια ἐπίνειον Μεγαρίδος. καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ Μεγαρίς. ἀπὸ Νίσου τοῦ Πανδίονος. Ἑλλάνικος ἐν Ἱερειῶν πρώτῃ.... καὶ ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ «καὶ Νίσαιάν τε εἷλε καὶ Νῖσον τὸν Πανδίονος καὶ Μεγαρέα τὸν Ὀγχήστιον ἀπέκτεινεν». Φαλάνναια πόλις Κρήτης. Φώκαια πόλις
With the diphthong 'αι' it is accented with the antepenult: Νίκαια, a city; and νικαία is the feminine of νικαῖος. Now Νίκαια is a city of Bithynia, a colony of the Bottiaeans. It was formerly called Ἀγκώρη, then Ἀντιγόνεια, and later it was renamed Νίκαια after the wife of Lysimachus. A second is among the Epicnemidian Locrians; a third in Illyria; a fourth among the Indians; a fifth on the island of Cyrnus; a sixth at Leuctra of Boeotia; a seventh in Celtica, a colony of the Massaliots; an eighth in Thrace; and there are others as well. Δίπαια, a city of Arcadia, also called Διπαιεύς. Δίκαια, a city of Thrace, from Δικαῖος the son of Poseidon; there is also another in the Tyrrhenian gulf, a colony of the Ionians. Λίλαια, a city of Phocis. Lycophron (v. 1073): «πάτραν Λίλαιαν κἀνεμωρείας πέδον». Κάρθαια, one of the tetrapolis in Ceos, from Κάρθαιος who died there. Ἱστίαια, a city of Euboea. Homer: «πολυστάφυλον θ᾽ Ἱστίαιαν» (Β 537). The Ionic spelling is with 'ι'. There is also one in Thessaly. As for the one in Euboea, the spelling is indifferent, both with 'ι' and with bare 'ε'. Εὔταια, a city of Arcadia. Xenophon in the sixth book of the Hellenica (c. 5, 12, 20 and 21). Ποτίδαια, a city of Thrace. Βάρκαια, a city of Libya, which is also called Βάρκη; Ἄφθαια, a city of Egypt, and Ἀφθαία is Hecate; Φάσταια, a city among the Sacae; Δέραια, a city of Arcadia. Ἥραια, a headland opposite Chalcedon; some in common usage call this Ἠερία, wrongly. Others call it Ἤριον, inventing a tale that, when they dug graves there, they found pots and bones. But one should rather trust the Bithynian Demosthenes in the fourth book: ‘There is a certain headland before glorious Chalcedon, Ἥραια, rugged, full of caves. And within it, going round a stone wall, a gulf of the sea is hollowed out inward; you would say, on seeing it, that it is deep-whirling on every side, yet it is a basin and not the depth of the sea. There they were bringing their ships, thinking it to be the shelter of a natural harbor, but they ran into a ready evil.’ And others likewise. There is also a city of Arcadia which was called Σολογοργός. Ἡραία is also the name of the smaller of the three cities of Sicily which are called Ὕβλαι. Κάθαια, a city in India. Κυναίθαια, a city of Arcadia, also called Κύναιθα. Λύκαια, a city of Arcadia. Theopompus in the fifty-sixth book. But in Menelaus it is Λύκαιθα with 'θ'. Μάργαια, a city of Elis. Μελίταια, a city of Thessaly. Alexander in his work On Asia. But Theopompus says it is Μελίτεια itself; and Philo writes Μελίτεια. Νίναια, a city of the Oenotrians. Hecataeus in his work On Europe. Νίσαια, the harbor-town of the Megarid; and Megaris itself, from Nisus son of Pandion. Hellanicus in the first book of the Ἱέρεια … and in the second: ‘and he took Νίσαία and killed Nisus son of Pandion and Megareus son of Onchestius.’ Φαλάνναια, a city of Crete. Φώκαια, a city.