Discussion of accentuation and declension patterns in Greek for names ending in -θων and -κων (two-syllable endings), with examples of place-names and ethnics, phonological changes (loss of vowels, declension via 'ντ'), and exceptions.
τὸ δὲ Πυθών πόλις καὶ Σιθών ἐθνικὸν καὶ πιθών καὶ κιθών ὁ χιτών ὀξύνεται. Τὰ εἰς 'θων' ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβὰς βαρύνεται, ὁπότε μὴ τόπου ἢ ὄρους ὄνομα ὑπάρχοι, ἢ διὰ τοῦ 'ντ' κλίνοιτο καὶ φυλάττει τὸ 'ω' τῆς εὐθείας, οἷον Φαέθων Φαέθοντος, Περιφλεγέθων Περιφλεγέθοντος, Κιναίθων, Ἀγάθων, ἐνοσίχθων. τὸ μέντοι Μαραθών δῆμος τῆς Λεοντίδος φυλῆς, Ἀργανθών ὄρος Μυσίας ἐπὶ τῇ Κίῳ ἀπὸ Ἀργανθώνης Ῥήσου γυναικός. λέγεται καὶ Ἀργανθώνη τὸ ὄρος—ἀκανθών ὀξύνεται. τὸ δὲ Ἱπποθῶν περισπᾶται φυλάττον τὸ 'ω' μέγα καὶ διὰ τοῦ 'ντ' κλινόμενον. σημαίνει δὲ τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Ἀλκαίου. Τὰ εἰς 'κων' δισύλλαβα ἀρσενικά, ὁπότε μὴ εἴη περιεκτικὰ ἢ μέρος σώματος σημαίνει, βαρύνεται, Χάλκων, δράκων, Κίκων, ἔθνος Θρᾳκικόν, οὐ μακρὰν οἰκῆσαν τῶν Μαρωνειτῶν, ὡς δηλοῖ...... «Εὐάνθης δ´ οἴκησεν ἐν Κικονίῃ, ἵνα Μαρώνεια καλέεται», Δίκων, Λάκων, ὃ κατὰ συγκοπὴν λέγεσθαι Ἀπολλόδωρός φησιν ὡς τοῦ Κυδωνιᾶται τὸ Κύδωνες, ἔοικε δὲ πρωτότυπον εἶναι καὶ οὐ συγκοπή. τινὲς δὲ τὸ Λάκων ὑποκοριστικόν φασιν. Καύκων βασιλεύς ἢ ποταμὸς καὶ ἔθνος. Τάρκων, ἀφ´ οὗ Ταρκυνία, Σάκων ὄνομα κύριον, Γλαύκων, Δόρκων, κνάκων, ἄκων τὸ ἀκόντιον, ἐξ οὗ τὸ «ἐς δοῦπον ἀκόντων» παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ (Υ 451), φάλκων, μήκων, Μίκων, Νίκων. τὸ δὲ κροκών, πευκών, χαλκών ὡς περιεκτικὰ ὀξύνεται, καὶ τὸ ἀγκών μέρος σώματος καὶ τὸ Ἀγκών πόλις Πικεντίνων ὡς θηλυκόν. ἴσως δὲ βαρύνεται κατὰ τοὺς ἐγχωρίους. καὶ τὸ εἰκών. τὸ δὲ ἑκών μετοχή. Τὰ εἰς 'κων' ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβὰς ὀξύνεται καὶ βαρύνεται καὶ περισπᾶται. τὰ μὲν οὖν διὰ 'ντ' κλινόμενα καὶ 'ο' ἢ 'ι' ἢ 'α' παραληγόμενα
Now Πυθών (a city) and Σιθών (an ethnic name) and πιθών and κιθών, “the tunic,” are accented with an acute. Words in -θων of more than two syllables are accented with a grave, whenever they are not the name of a place or a mountain, or are not declined with -ντ- and do not preserve the ω of the nominative, as for example Φαέθων, Φαέθοντος; Περιφλεγέθων, Περιφλεγέθοντος; Κιναίθων; Ἀγάθων; ἐνοσίχθων. But Μαραθών, a deme of the Leontis tribe, and Ἀργανθών, a mountain of Mysia by Cius, [are so called] from Ἀργανθώνη, the wife of Ῥῆσος. The mountain is also called Ἀργανθώνη—ἀκανθών is accented with an acute. Ἱπποθῶν, however, is circumflexed, preserving the long ω and being declined with -ντ-. It means the brother of Ἀλκαῖος. Disyllabic masculine words in -κων, whenever they are not collective or do not signify a part of the body, are accented with a grave: Χάλκων, δράκων, Κίκων (a Thracian people, dwelling not far from the Maroneitae, as is shown … “Εὐάνθης δ´ οἴκησεν ἐν Κικονίῃ, ἵνα Μαρώνεια καλέεται”), Δίκων, Λάκων, which Apollodorus says is spoken by syncope, as Κύδωνες from Κυδωνιᾶται; but it seems to be original and not a syncope. Some say that Λάκων is a diminutive. Καύκων, a king or a river and a people; Τάρκων, from whom Tarquinia; Σάκων, a proper name; Γλαύκων; Δόρκων; κνάκων; ἄκων, “the javelin,” from which the poet has “ἐς δοῦπον ἀκόντων” (Υ 451); φάλκων; μήκων; Μίκων; Νίκων. But κροκών, πευκών, χαλκών, as collective, are accented with an acute; and ἀγκών, a part of the body, and Ἀγκών, a city of the Picentini, as feminine. Perhaps, however, it is accented with a grave according to the locals; and likewise εἰκών. But ἑκών is a participle. Words in -κων of more than two syllables are accented with an acute, with a grave, and with a circumflex. Those, then, that are declined with -ντ- and have ο or ι or α in the penult …