Discussion of vowel lengthening/‘heavyening’ before final -r (ρ) and in -as endings in Greek; examples and pleonasm (extra i/e) in Homeric and other poets.
Τὰ εἰς 'ρ' ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν βαρύνεται, ἔαρ, κέαρ, κτέαρ, στέαρ, φρέαρ, ἃ καὶ στεῖαρ καὶ φρεῖαρ λέγεται «φρείατα μακρὰ νάουσι» (Φ 197) ὡς εἶδαρ γέγονε ἐκ τοῦ ἔδαρ ἐν πλεονασμῷ τοῦ 'ι', δέλεαρ, ὄνειαρ, ἄλειαρ, νόαρ, ὕπαρ, πύαρ, σῦφαρ, πῖαρ, ἶλαρ, τέκμαρ, ἔχθαρ, νέκταρ, πέπαρ, θέναρ, ὄναρ, ἧπαρ, ἦμαρ, νῶκαρ, μῶμαρ, βῶμαρ, οὖθαρ, πεῖραρ, ὅπερ μόνον ἐστὶ εἰς 'ρ' λῆγον οὐδέτερον πρὸ τοῦ 'α' ἔχον 'ρ', ἄλκαρ, ἄλειφαρ, κάρηαρ. νίκωρ παρὰ Σώφρονι τῷ μιμογράφῳ, ὕδωρ, ἔλδωρ, ὅπερ κατὰ πλεονασμὸν τοῦ 'ε' γίνεται ἐέλδωρ τρισυλλάβως «τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ» (Α 41). ὁ δὲ Ἴβυκος ἔσθ´ ὅτε καὶ θηλυκῶς προφέρεται οὔτι κατὰ σφετέραν ἐέλδω καὶ ἐσθλὰν ποτιδεγμένων ἐέλδω. ἕλωρ, ἐξ οὗ τὸ «ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν» (Α 4)· Πριαμίδη, μὴ δή με ἕλωρ Δαναοῖσιν ἐάσῃς (Ε 684). τέκμωρ, τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν σημειῶδες, ὅτι μόνον εἰς 'ωρ' λῆγον οὐδέτερον ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν ἔχει ἐπιπλοκὴν δύο συμφώνων πρὸ τοῦ 'ω'. ἢ ἴσως ἀναλογώτερον ἐκδεκτέον τὸ τέκμαρ. ἴσον γὰρ ἐγένετο τῷ νέκταρ καὶ ἔχθαρ. οὐ φιλεῖ δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα προϋπάρχειν τῶν εἰς 'ωρ'. τοῦ δὲ σημειοῦσθαι τὸ τέκμωρ αἴτιον ὁ πλεονασμὸς τοῦ 'μ'. ἦτορ, ἄορ. Τὰ εἰς 'ας' βαρύνεται, γῆρας, κρέας. τοῦτο μόνον οὐδέτερον εἰς 'ας' καθαρὸν τῷ 'ε' παραλῆγον κατὰ τὴν ἑνικὴν εὐθεῖαν ἐν χρήσει Ἑλλήνων. παρὰ γὰρ Ἑκαταίῳ ἐστὶ «τὰ δέατα περιτεταμένοι». ἀλλ´ οὐ σύνηθές ἐστι λέγειν δέας. ὅ τε Σοφοκλῆς ἐν Κηδαλίωνι σατυρικῷ φησι καὶ δή τι καὶ παρεῖκα τῶν ἀρτυμάτων ὑπὸ τοῦ δέατος. ἀντὶ τοῦ δέους. ἀλλ´ οὐ λέγεται ἡ εὐθεῖα δέας. ὅ τε Ξενοφάνης φησὶ ἁγνὸν ἐνὶ σπεάτεσσι τεοῖς καταλείβεται ὕδωρ. ἀλλ´ οὐ γὰρ λέγεται σπέας. ἡ γὰρ ἀναλογία ὡς ἀπὸ τοιούτων εὐθειῶν τὰς κλίσεις λαμβάνει, οὐκ οὐσῶν μέντοι ἐν χρήσει Ἑλλήνων. τὸ δὲ παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ κτεάτεσσιν (α 218)
Nouns ending in -ρ of more than one syllable are accented with the barytone: ἔαρ, κέαρ, κτέαρ, στέαρ, φρέαρ, which are also said as στεῖαρ and φρεῖαρ—“φρείατα μακρὰ νάουσι” (Φ 197)—just as εἶδαρ has arisen from ἔδαρ by addition of ι; δέλεαρ, ὄνειαρ, ἄλειαρ, νόαρ, ὕπαρ, πύαρ, σῦφαρ, πῖαρ, ἶλαρ, τέκμαρ, ἔχθαρ, νέκταρ, πέπαρ, θέναρ, ὄναρ, ἧπαρ, ἦμαρ, νῶκαρ, μῶμαρ, βῶμαρ, οὖθαρ, πεῖραρ—which alone is a neuter ending in -ρ that has ρ before α—ἄλκαρ, ἄλειφαρ, κάρηαρ. νίκωρ in Sophron the writer of mimes; ὕδωρ, ἔλδωρ, which by addition of ε becomes ἐέλδωρ, trisyllabically: “τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ” (Α 41). But Ibycus sometimes even pronounces it as feminine: οὔτι κατὰ σφετέραν ἐέλδω καὶ ἐσθλὰν ποτιδεγμένων ἐέλδω. ἕλωρ, from which comes “ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν” (Α 4); “Πριαμίδη, μὴ δή με ἕλωρ Δαναοῖσιν ἐάσῃς” (Ε 684). τέκμωρ: and this is noteworthy, that the only neuter ending in -ωρ of more than one syllable has a combination of two consonants before ω. Or perhaps it is more in accordance with analogy to accept τέκμαρ; for it came to be on a par with νέκταρ and ἔχθαρ. Such forms do not like to occur among those ending in -ωρ. The reason why τέκμωρ is marked is the addition of μ. ἦτορ, ἄορ.
Nouns ending in -ας are barytone: γῆρας, κρέας. This is the only pure neuter in -ας with ε as the penultimate in the nominative singular in use among Greeks. For in Hecataeus there is “τὰ δέατα περιτεταμένοι”; but it is not customary to say δέας. And Sophocles in the satyric Kēdaliōn says: καὶ δή τι καὶ παρεῖκα τῶν ἀρτυμάτων ὑπὸ τοῦ δέατος, in place of δέους; but the nominative δέας is not said. And Xenophanes says: ἁγνὸν ἐνὶ σπεάτεσσι τεοῖς καταλείβεται ὕδωρ; but σπέας is not said either. For analogy takes the inflections as though from such nominatives, though they are not in use among Greeks. And the form in the poet κτεάτεσσιν (α 218).