Discussion of accentuation and phonological changes of Greek monosyllables ending in -ξ, with related forms in -αιξ, -αυξ, -οιξ and examples (place names and ethnics like Γραῖξ, Θρᾷξ), and notes on exceptions and alternations.
κύριον. οὐ δύναται δὲ καταλῆξαι καὶ ὑπερετέθη τὸ 'ν' καὶ ἐτράπη τὸ 'κ' εἰς 'ξ' πνύξ. ὑπέρθεσιν ἄρα ἔχει διὰ τὴν κατάληξιν· ἐν δὲ τῇ γενικῇ ἀπέλαβε τὴν τάξιν μετὰ τοῦ 'κ' πνύξ πυκνός »τῆς πυκνὸς τὰς ἡνίας« »τοῦ λίθου τοῦν τῇ πυκνί« καὶ »πύκνα«. κέκληται δὲ παρὰ τὸ πυκνὸν τῶν πάλαι ᾠκισμένων οἰκιῶν, λύγξ καὶ Λύγξ πόλις Λιβύης πρὸς τοῖς Γαδείροις μετὰ τὸν Ἄτλαντα· καὶ νῆσος Ἄτλαντος καὶ πόλις Λύγξ, ὡς Ἀρτεμίδωρος. Τὰ εἰς 'αιξ' μονοσύλλαβα ὀξύνεται, Ῥαίξ, Γραίξ, Γραῖκες γὰρ παρ´ Ἀλκμᾶνι αἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων μητέρες καὶ παρὰ Σοφοκλεῖ ἐν Ποιμέσιν· εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ Γραῖκες Αἰολέων οἱ τὸ Πάριον οἰκοῦντες. ἔστι δὲ ἢ μεταπλασμὸς ἢ τῆς Γραίξ εὐθείας κλίσις ἐστίν. ἀλλὰ δύο μόνα εὕρηται ἐν τῇ συνήθει χρήσει· τὸ αἴξ ἐπὶ τοῦ ζῴου· καὶ τοῦτο οἱ Ἀττικοὶ περισπῶσι, καὶ τὸ Θρᾷξ, ὅπερ οὐδὲ ἐκφωνεῖ τὸ 'ι'. τοῦτο δὲ περισπᾶται, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἐντελέστερον αὐτοῦ τὸ Θράϊξ δισύλλαβον »Θρήϊκας« (Il. Β 844) καὶ »Θρήϊκες οἵδ´ ἀπάνευθε νεήλυδες« (Κ 434) καὶ »Θρηΐκιον« (Ψ 230). Τὰ εἰς 'αυξ' μονοσύλλαβά εἰσι δύο μόνα, τὸ Ταῦξ, ἱστορεῖται οὗτος ποταμὸς περὶ Σικελίαν, καὶ τοῦτο περισπᾶται, καὶ τὸ γλαύξ, ὃ παρ´ ἡμῖν μὲν ὀξύνεται, παρὰ δὲ Ἀθηναίοις καὶ τοῦτό τινες περισπῶσιν. Οὐδὲν εἰς 'οιξ' λήγει ὄνομα πλὴν μόνον ἡ προίξ καὶ ὀξύνεται. Πᾶν τοίνυν εἰς 'ξ' μονοσύλλαβον κοινολεκτούμενον ὀξύνεται πλὴν τοῦ Θρᾷξ καὶ τοῦ βῶξ. Τὰ εἰς 'ρ' ἀρσενικὰ καὶ θηλυκὰ μονοσύλλαβα ὀξύνεται. Πάρ· τόπος δέ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ περὶ Θυρέᾳ, ἐν ᾧ ἐμαχήσαντο οἱ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι. Κάρ· ἔστι δὲ ἔθνος ὁμονύμως τῷ κτίστῃ. Μάρ ἔθνος προσεχὲς τοῖς Μοσσυνοίκοις. Ἑκαταῖος Ἀσίᾳ. ψάρ· ἔστι δὲ εἶδος ὀρνέου· τοῦτο δὲ παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ καὶ διὰ τοῦ 'α' εὑρίσκεται καὶ διὰ τοῦ 'η' οἷον »κολοιούς τε ψῆράς τε« (Π 583) καὶ »ψαρῶν νέφος ἔρχεται« (Ρ 755).
κύριον. It cannot, however, end so; and the ‘ν’ was prefixed and the ‘κ’ was changed into ‘ξ’: πνύξ. It therefore has a prefixed element because of the ending; but in the genitive it recovered the order with the ‘κ’: πνύξ, πυκνός—“τῆς πυκνὸς τὰς ἡνίας”, “τοῦ λίθου τοῦν τῇ πυκνί”, and “πύκνα”. And it is so called from the πυκνόν of the houses of those settled long ago: λύγξ; and Λύγξ, a city of Libya near Gadeira beyond Atlas; and an island of Atlas and the city Λύγξ, as Artemidorus says. Monosyllables in -αιξ are accented with an acute: Ῥαίξ, Γραίξ; for Γραῖκες are, in Alcman, the mothers of the Greeks, and in Sophocles in the Shepherds; and there are also Γραῖκες among the Aeolians, those who inhabit Parion. And it is either a remodelling or an inflection of the direct form Γραίξ. But only two are found in ordinary usage: αἴξ of the animal—and the Attics accent this with a circumflex—and Θρᾷξ, which does not even pronounce the ‘ι’. This is accented with a circumflex, since its fuller form is Θράϊξ, disyllabic: “Θρήϊκας” (Il. Β 844) and “Θρήϊκες οἵδ᾽ ἀπάνευθε νεήλυδες” (Κ 434) and “Θρηΐκιον” (Ψ 230). Monosyllables in -αυξ are only two: Ταῦξ—this is recorded as a river in Sicily—and this is accented with a circumflex; and γλαύξ, which among us is accented with an acute, but among the Athenians some also accent this with a circumflex. No noun ends in -οιξ except only προίξ, and it is accented with an acute. Every monosyllable in -ξ used in the common language, therefore, is accented with an acute, except Θρᾷξ and βῶξ. Masculine and feminine monosyllables in -ρ are accented with an acute: Πάρ—a place in the region of Thyrea, where the Argives and Lacedaemonians fought; Κάρ—an ethnic name, homonymous with the founder; Μάρ—an ethnic name near the Mossynoeci, Hecataeus in Asia; ψάρ—a kind of bird; and this in the Poet is found both with ‘α’ and with ‘η’, as in “κολοιοὺς τε ψῆράς τε” (Π 583) and “ψαρῶν νέφος ἔρχεται” (Ρ 755).