Discussion of Greek vocative forms and accent shift in nouns and adjectives, with examples of endings (-ης, -ω, -ως, -οι, -ους) and rules about raising/lowering the accent and vocative forms.
ξιφήρης ὦ ξιφῆρες, Αἰνείας ὦ Αἰνεία, Αἴας ὦ Αἶαν (ὁ μὲν Αἴας ὀξύνεται· μακρὰ γὰρ πρὸ μακρᾶς οὐ περισπᾶται, τὸ δὲ Αἶαν προπερισπᾶται, τοῦ 'αν' βραχέος ὄντος· πᾶσα γὰρ φύσει μακρὰ πρὸ βραχέος ἐν ἑνὶ μέρει οὖσα περισπᾶται), ποιητής ὦ ποιητά, σοφιστής ὦ σοφιστά, τοξότης ὦ τοξότα. Ἐν τοῖς εἰς 'ης' βαρυτόνοις τέσσαρα σεσημείωνται ἀναβιβάσαντα τὸν τόνον, δέσποτα, εὐρύοπα, μητίετα, ἀκάκητα. Ἔτι ὁμοτονεῖ ἄρσην ὦ ἄρσεν, λιμήν ὦ λιμήν, Ἑρμῆς ὦ Ἑρμῆ. Αἱ εἰς 'ω' λήγουσαι εὐθεῖαι θηλυκαὶ καὶ ἔτι αἱ εἰς 'ως' Λητώ, Κλειώ, αἰδώς ἠώς εἰς 'οι' ἔχουσι τὰς κλητικὰς περισπωμένας. περισπῶνται δὲ διὰ τὴν συνέμπτωσιν τῆς δοτικῆς. αὗται μὲν οὖν αἱ κλητικαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς συλλαβῆς ταῖς εὐθείαις τὸν τόνον ἐφύλαξαν. Αἱ ἀναβιβάσασαί εἰσιν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς 'ης' συνθέτων βαρυτόνων καὶ εἰς 'ους' ἐχόντων τὴν γενικήν, Δημόσθενες, Σώκρατες, Διόμηδες. τὸ γὰρ ξιφῆρες καὶ φρενῆρες καὶ τὰ διὰ τοῦ 'ηρης' πάντα καὶ τὰ διὰ τοῦ 'ωρης' καὶ τὰ διὰ τοῦ 'ωδης' ἁπλᾶ ἐστι καὶ οὐ σύνθετα, ὅθεν οὐκ ἀναβιβάζουσι τὸν τόνον. καὶ τὰ διὰ τοῦ 'ωλης' οὐκ ἀναβιβάζουσιν· ἐξῶλες γὰρ καὶ πανῶλες προπερισπωμένως. τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὸ 'ηκης' τανυήκης τανύηκες καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὸ 'αδης' αὐθάδης αὔθαδες καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὸ 'αρκης' αὐτάρκης αὔταρκες, ποδάρκης πόδαρκες καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὸ 'αντης' κατάντης κάταντες, προσάντης πρόσαντες ἔχουσι τὴν κλητικὴν προπαροξύτονον. καὶ τὰ εἰς 'ης' ἐπίθετα βαρύτονα σύνθετα ἀπὸ οὐδετέρων, ἔχοντα τὴν κλητικὴν εἰς 'ες', προπαροξύνονται κατὰ τὴν
O ξιφῆρες from ξιφήρης; O Αἰνεία from Αἰνείας; O Αἶαν from Αἴας (for Αἴας is accented with an acute; for a long syllable before a long syllable is not circumflexed, whereas Αἶαν is circumflexed on the penult, since the -αν is short; for every syllable that is long by nature, when it stands before a short syllable within the same metrical part, is circumflexed); O ποιητά from ποιητής; O σοφιστά from σοφιστής; O τοξότα from τοξότης. Among the barytone words in -ης, four have been noted as raising the accent: δέσποτα, εὐρύοπα, μητίετα, ἀκάκητα. Further, the vocative has the same accent in ἄρσην, O ἄρσεν; λιμήν, O λιμήν; Ἑρμῆς, O Ἑρμῆ. The feminine nominatives ending in -ω, and also those ending in -ως—Λητώ, Κλειώ, αἰδώς, ἠώς—have vocatives in -οι with circumflex. They are circumflexed because of the coincidence with the dative. These vocatives, then, have kept the accent on the same syllable as the nominatives. Those that raise the accent are from barytone compounds in -ης that have the genitive in -ους: Δημόσθενες, Σώκρατες, Διόμηδες. For ξιφῆρες and φρενῆρες and all words in -ηρης, and those in -ωρης, and those in -ωδης, are simple and not compound; hence they do not raise the accent. And those in -ωλης do not raise it either; for ἐξῶλες and πανῶλες are accented with a circumflex on the antepenult. But forms derived from -ηκης—τανυήκης, O τανύηκες—and those derived from -αδης—αὐθάδης, O αὔθαδες—and those derived from -αρκης—αὐτάρκης, O αὔταρκες; ποδάρκης, O πόδαρκες—and those derived from -αντης—κατάντης, O κάταντες; προσάντης, O πρόσαντες—have the vocative accented on the antepenult with an acute. And compound barytone adjectives in -ης derived from neuters, having the vocative in -ες, are accented on the antepenult in accordance with the…