Discussion of accentuation and vowel changes in various verb forms (particularly -νω and -ρω formations), including when vowels are stressed, shifted, or contracted depending on consonant clusters and morphological derivations.
τῷ 'ι' βαρύνεται καταείνω τὸ καλύπτω, ὠδίνω, ὀρίνω, ἀλεείνω, φαείνω, ἐλεείνω. τὸ χαλινῶ περισπᾶται, ὅτι ἔχει τὸ χαλινός, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ ταπεινῶ τὸ ταπεινός. Τὰ εἰς 'νω' μετ´ ἐπιπλοκῆς συμφώνου περισπᾶται, ὑπνῶ, πυκνῶ, ἱκνῶ καὶ ἱκνοῦμαι, τεχνῶ καὶ τεχνῶμαι, σκιδνῶ, ἰδνῶ. σεσημείωται τὸ δάκνω βαρύτονον, ὅπερ ἀπὸ τοῦ δαγκάνω γέγονε κατὰ συγκοπήν. τὰ δὲ ἔχοντα πρὸ τοῦ 'ν' τὸ 'μ' βαρύνεται, χωρὶς εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ δύο συμφώνων ἄρχοιτο, ἢ ὄνομα προκατάρχοι, μίμνω, κάμνω, τέμνω. τὸ δὲ κρημνῶ περισπᾶται, ὅτι ἀπὸ δύο συμφώνων ἤρξατο. Τὰ διὰ τοῦ 'ανω' ὑπερδισύλλαβα βαρύνεται, ὁπότε παρῆκται ἀπὸ ῥήματος· αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ διὰ τοῦ 'ανω' παραγωγὴ οὐκ ἔχει κατ´ ἀρχὴν τὸ 'ι' ἐκτεταμένον διὰ τὸ ἴσχω ἰχανῶ ἢ τὴν 'ει' δίφθογγον διὰ τὸ δείκω τὸ δεικνύω καὶ δεικανῶ. βαρύνεται δὲ ταῦτα, λείπω λιμπάνω, λήβω λαμβάνω, μήθω μανθάνω, λήθω λανθάνω, δήκω δαγκάνω, φεύγω φυγγάνω, οἰδῶ οἰδάνω «οἰδάνει ἐν στήθεσσι νόον» (Il. Ι 554), ᾧ ὅμοιον καὶ τὸ κυδάνω (Ξ 73) καὶ τὸ μελάνω (Η 64). ἱκάνω, κιχάνω, ἃ ἄλογον ἔχοντα τὸν πρῶτον χρόνον τοῦ ἀορίστου ἐκτείνει τὸν δεύτερον. περισπῶνται δὲ τὰ διπλασιασμὸν πάσχοντα γαγγανῶ τὸ ταράσσω καὶ παμφανῶ ἢ ὁπότε ἀπὸ ὀνόματος ἐγένετο, κυρκάνη κυρκανῶ τὸ θορυβῶ, δαπάνη δαπανῶ, μηχανή μηχανῶ, στέφανος στεφανῶ, λίβανος λιβανῶ, μέλανος μελανῶ. Τὰ εἰς 'ρω' παραληγόμενα φωνήεντα 'α' ἢ 'η' ἢ 'ω' περισπᾶται, κηρῶ, πληρῶ, γηρῶ, τηρῶ, ὠρῶ τὸ φυλάττω, τιμωρῶ. σεσημείωται τὸ ἄρω βαρύτονον τὸ ἁρμόζω ἢ τὸ λαμβάνω καὶ ἀποφέρομαι. Τὰ εἰς 'ρω' παραληγόμενα τῷ 'ε' καὶ βαρύνεται καὶ περισπᾶται. καὶ περισπᾶται μέν, ὁπότε ἔχει πλησιάζον ψιλὸν τῷ 'ε', κερῶ τὸ κιρνῶ, περῶ, πτερῶ, στερῶ. μὴ οὕτως δὲ ἔχοντα βαρύνεται, δέρω, φέρω. τὸ ἐρῶ περισπᾶται ἀπὸ φωνήεντος ἀρχόμενον.
With ι it is accented with a grave: καταείνω ‘I cover’, ὠδίνω, ὀρίνω, ἀλεείνω, φαείνω, ἐλεείνω. χαλινῶ is circumflexed, because it has χαλινός, just as also ταπεινῶ has ταπεινός. The verbs in -νω with a consonant cluster are circumflexed: ὑπνῶ, πυκνῶ, ἱκνῶ and ἱκνοῦμαι, τεχνῶ and τεχνῶμαι, σκιδνῶ, ἰδνῶ. Marked as exceptional is δάκνω with a grave accent, which has arisen from δαγκάνω by syncope. But those that have μ before ν are accented with a grave, unless they begin with two consonants, or a noun begins the formation: μίμνω, κάμνω, τέμνω. But κρημνῶ is circumflexed, because it began with two consonants. The trisyllabic and longer forms in -ανω are accented with a grave whenever they are derived from a verb; and this very formation in -ανω does not, at the outset, have ι lengthened because of ἴσχω → ἰχανῶ, nor the diphthong ει because of δείκω → δεικνύω and δεικανῶ. These, however, are accented with a grave: λείπω → λιμπάνω, λήβω → λαμβάνω, μήθω → μανθάνω, λήθω → λανθάνω, δήκω → δαγκάνω, φεύγω → φυγγάνω, οἰδῶ → οἰδάνω, “οἰδάνει ἐν στήθεσσι νόον” (Il. Ι 554), to which are similar also κυδάνω (Ξ 73) and μελάνω (Η 64). ἱκάνω, κιχάνω—forms which, having an irregular first tense of the aorist, lengthen the second. But the forms that undergo reduplication are circumflexed: γαγγανῶ ‘I disturb’ and παμφανῶ; or whenever it has come from a noun: κυρκάνη → κυρκανῶ ‘I make a din’, δαπάνη → δαπανῶ, μηχανή → μηχανῶ, στέφανος → στεφανῶ, λίβανος → λιβανῶ, μέλανος → μελανῶ. The verbs in -ρω with penultimate vowel α or η or ω are circumflexed: κηρῶ, πληρῶ, γηρῶ, τηρῶ, ὠρῶ ‘I guard’, τιμωρῶ. Marked as exceptional is ἄρω with a grave accent, meaning ‘I fit together’ or ‘I take’ and ‘I carry off’. The verbs in -ρω with penultimate ε are both accented with a grave and circumflexed. They are circumflexed when they have a smooth breathing adjacent to ε: κερῶ ‘I mix’, περῶ, πτερῶ, στερῶ. But those not so constituted are accented with a grave: δέρω, φέρω. ἐρῶ is circumflexed, since it begins with a vowel.