Analysis of Aeolic dialectal vowel alternations and lengthening in verb forms and derivatives (forms in -ω, -αω, -ευω, -αιω etc.), showing how vowels/diphthongs shift and examples of verbs (e.g., φθείρω, δαύω, σεύω)
χρῆσιν καὶ τῶν πεζῶν ἔχει τὴν πρὸ τέλους συλλαβὴν εἰς 'ρ' καταλήγουσαν, ἀλλὰ μόνον τὸ ἔρρω «ὅτε τ´ ἤλυθεν ἐνθάδε ἔρρων» καὶ (κ 72) ἔρρ´ ἐκ νήσου θᾶσσον ἐλέγχιστε ζωόντων. τὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα Αἰολικὰ ἦν ἔχοντα κοινά, ἱμέρρω, ἀγέρρω, οἰκτίρρω, ὀλοφύρρω. εἴπερ οὖν Αἰολικόν, ζητητέον, τί αὐτοῦ ἦν κοινόν. οὐ γὰρ αὐτὸ τὸ φθείρω, ὡς οἴονταί τινες. Τὰ διὰ τοῦ 'αιω' βαρύνεται, εἰ μὴ εἴη ἀπὸ ὀνόματος, ῥαίω τὸ φθείρω, πταίω, ναίω, παίω, δαίω, καίω, κλαίω, γαίω, παλαίω, λιλαίω, ὅθεν λιλαίομαι, κεραίω, ἀγαίω, σταλαίω, χαλαίω, κρεμαίω, διχαίω. τὸ δὲ ἀραιῶ ἔχει τὸ ἀραιός, καὶ τὸ ἑδραιῶ τὸ ἑδραῖος καὶ τὸ δικαιῶ τὸ δίκαιος καὶ βεβαιῶ τὸ βέβαιος καὶ τὸ παλαιῶ τὸ παλαιός καὶ περαιῶ τὸ πέρας καὶ μαιῶ τὸ ζητῶ τὸ μαῖα καὶ ματαιῶ μάταιος. Τὰ εἰς 'ω' καθαρὰ παραληγόμενα τῇ διὰ 'υ' διφθόγγῳ βαρύνεται ψαύω, θραύω, ἀπολαύω, αὔω τὸ βοῶ καὶ αὕω τὸ ξηραίνω ἢ ἅπτω, δαύω τὸ κοιμῶμαι. ἅπαξ δὲ ἡ λέξις παρὰ Σαπφοῖ δαύοις ἀπάλας ἐτάρας ἐν στήθεσιν... (Bergk 82). δαύω τὸ καίω παρὰ Σιμωνίδῃ «μηρίων δεδαυμένων» παρὰ τὸ δαίω τὸ καίω τροπῇ τοῦ 'ι' εἰς 'υ'. δεύω, ὁδεύω, τοξεύω, ἰξεύω, λιτανεύω, ἱππεύω, βασιλεύω, κυριεύω, σεύω. τὸ δὲ «ἐδεύησεν δ´ οἰήϊον ἄκρον ἱκέσθαι» (ι 483) οὐκ ἀπὸ περισπωμένου τοῦ δευῶ γέγονεν, ἀλλ´ ἐδέησεν ἐστὶ καὶ πλεονάσαντος τοῦ 'υ' ἐδεύησε. τὸ ἐρευνῶ περισπώμενον οἱ Αἰολεῖς ἀποβάλλοντες τὸ 'ν' βαρύνουσι διὰ τὸν τρόπον τοῦ 'ευω'. Τὰ εἰς 'ω' καθαρὸν παραληγόμενα τῷ 'α' βαρύνεται, ὁπότε πλησιάζουσι τοῖς διὰ τοῦ 'αυω', χραύω χράω, φαύω φάω. περισπῶνται δὲ τὰ μὴ οὕτως ἔχοντα, δαῶ δαήσω, σαῶ σαώσω, ἀλαῶ ἀλαώσω. τὸ δὲ βοάω καὶ γελάω καὶ πεινάω βαρύνεται καὶ τἆλλα ὡς ἐντέλειαι τῶν περισπωμένων. Τὰ εἰς 'ω' καθαρὸν παραληγόμενα 'ε' βαρύνεται, χωρὶς εἰ μὴ προκατάρχοιτο ὄνομα, ἢ ἀπὸ βαρυτόνου μετασταίη εἰς περισπώμενον, ἔω τὸ ὑπάρχω, ἐξ οὗ τὸ εἰμί, ἔω τὸ πορεύομαι, ἐξ οὗ εἶμι, ἕω, οὗ παραγωγὸν
It also has usage in prose of the penultimate syllable ending in ‘ρ’, but only ἔρρω: “ὅτε τ´ ἤλυθεν ἐνθάδε ἔρρων” and (κ 72) “ἔρρ´ ἐκ νήσου θᾶσσον ἐλέγχιστε ζωόντων.” But such forms were Aeolic, though they had common equivalents: ἱμέρρω, ἀγέρρω, οἰκτίρρω, ὀλοφύρρω. If, then, it is Aeolic, one must inquire what in it was common; for it is not the verb φθείρω itself, as some suppose. Verbs in -αιω are barytone, unless they are derived from a noun: ῥαίω (“I destroy”), πταίω, ναίω, παίω, δαίω, καίω, κλαίω, γαίω, παλαίω, λιλαίω (whence λιλαίομαι), κεραίω, ἀγαίω, σταλαίω, χαλαίω, κρεμαίω, διχαίω. But ἀραιῶ has ἀραιός, and ἑδραιῶ has ἑδραῖος, and δικαιῶ has δίκαιος, and βεβαιῶ has βέβαιος, and παλαιῶ has παλαιός, and περαιῶ has πέρας, and μαιῶ (“I seek”) has μαῖα, and ματαιῶ has μάταιος. Pure verbs in -ω with the penult containing the diphthong in -υ are barytone: ψαύω, θραύω, ἀπολαύω, αὔω (“I cry aloud”) and αὕω (“I dry” or “I kindle”), δαύω (“I sleep”). The word occurs once in Sappho: “δαύοις ἀπάλας ἐτάρας ἐν στήθεσιν...” (Bergk 82). δαύω (“I burn”) occurs in Simonides: “μηρίων δεδαυμένων,” from δαίω (“I burn”) by change of ‘ι’ to ‘υ’. δεύω, ὁδεύω, τοξεύω, ἰξεύω, λιτανεύω, ἱππεύω, βασιλεύω, κυριεύω, σεύω. But “ἐδεύησεν δ´ οἰήϊον ἄκρον ἱκέσθαι” (ι 483) has not arisen from the circumflexed δευῶ, but is ἐδέησεν, and with an added ‘υ’ becomes ἐδεύησε. The Aeolians, dropping the ‘ν’ from the circumflexed ἐρευνῶ, make it barytone, following the pattern of verbs in -ευω. Pure verbs in -ω with penult ‘α’ are barytone whenever they approximate to those in -αυω: χραύω ~ χράω, φαύω ~ φάω. But those not so constituted are circumflexed: δαῶ (future δαήσω), σαῶ (future σαώσω), ἀλαῶ (future ἀλαώσω). But βοάω and γελάω and πεινάω are barytone, and the rest likewise, as being full forms corresponding to the circumflexed ones. Pure verbs in -ω with penult ‘ε’ are barytone, except if a noun stands at the beginning (i.e. is the base), or if from a barytone form it has shifted to a circumflexed one: ἔω (“I exist”), from which comes εἰμί; ἔω (“I go”), from which comes εἶμι; ἕω, of which the derivative...