Discussion of accentuation and vowel-length effects in Greek participles and verb forms, focusing on -ων participles (present/second aorist distinctions) and -ας aorist participles with examples and rules (βαρύνεται, ὀξύνονται, περισπῶνται).
ἢ ἐνεστῶτός εἰσιν ὁ ποιέων ὁ ποιῶν καὶ τὸ ποιέον τὸ ποιοῦν, ὁ βοάων ὁ βοῶν καὶ τὸ βοάον τὸ βοῶν, ὁ χρυσόων ὁ χρυσῶν καὶ τὸ χρυσόον τὸ χρυσοῦν, ἤγουν μέλλοντος τῆς πέμπτης συζυγίας, κερῶν, σπερῶν, κτενῶν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τούτων ῥήματα περισπῶνται— ποιῶ, βοῶ, χρυσῶ, κερῶ, σπερῶ, κτενῶ. —βαρύνεται δὲ ἡ εἰς 'ων' μετοχή, ὅτε τὸ ῥῆμα βαρύνεται, τύπτω τύπτων, γράφω γράφων, γράψω γράψων, ποιήσω ποιήσων. ὀξύνονται δὲ αἱ εἰς 'ων' δευτέρου ἀορίστου λαβών, τυπών, φαγών, μεθ´ ὧν καὶ ἐών καὶ ἰών καὶ κιών, πλὴν τοῦ πέφνων βαρυνομένου ὁμοίως τῷ τέμνων καὶ κάμνων, τὸ δὲ ἑκών ἠκολούθησε τοῖς προειρημένοις ἀπὸ τοῦ εἴκω τὸ ὑποχωρῶ. ἐπειδὴ δὲ αἱ εἰς 'ων' λήγουσαι καὶ ἐπὶ τέλους ἔχουσαι τὸν τόνον ἄδηλον εἴτε ὀξύνονται εἴτε περισπῶνται, ἐκ τῆς κλίσεως διατελείσθωσαν. ὧν μὲν γὰρ αἱ πλάγιοι φύσει μακρᾷ παραλήγονται, τούτων πάντως καὶ αἱ εὐθεῖαι περισπῶνται οἷον βοῶντος βοῶν, χρυσοῦντος χρυσοῦν, κεροῦντος κερῶν, κτενοῦντος κτενῶν. ὧν δὲ μόνον ἐστὶ τὸ 'ο' ἐν τῇ παραληγούσῃ, τούτων αἱ εὐθεῖαι ὀξύνονται, δευτέρου οὖσαι ἀορίστου, λαβόντος λαβών, δραμόντος δραμών. Αἱ δὲ εἰς 'ας' αἱ μὲν τοῦ πρώτου ἀορίστου πᾶσαι πρὸ μιᾶς ἔχουσι τὸν τόνον τελέσας, ποιήσας, τύψας, γεμίσας, σαλπίσας, λεπίσας, καλλωπίσας, βρίσας, κτίσας, λακτίσας, μεθ´ ὧν καὶ ἡ ἴσας
Either they are of the present: ὁ ποιέων, ὁ ποιῶν, and τὸ ποιέον, τὸ ποιοῦν; ὁ βοάων, ὁ βοῶν, and τὸ βοάον, τὸ βοῶν; ὁ χρυσόων, ὁ χρυσῶν, and τὸ χρυσόον, τὸ χρυσοῦν; or else of the future of the fifth conjugation: κερῶν, σπερῶν, κτενῶν, since the verbs of these too are circumflexed—ποιῶ, βοῶ, χρυσῶ, κερῶ, σπερῶ, κτενῶ.—But the participle in -ων is barytone whenever the verb is barytone: τύπτω, τύπτων; γράφω, γράφων; γράψω, γράψων; ποιήσω, ποιήσων. But the -ων forms of the second aorist are oxytone: λαβών, τυπών, φαγών; with which also ἐών and ἰών and κιών, except πέφνων, which is barytone like τέμνων and κάμνων; and ἑκών followed the aforesaid, from εἴκω ‘I yield’. But since the forms ending in -ων and having the accent on the final syllable are unclear whether they are oxytone or circumflexed, let them be determined from their inflection. For those whose oblique cases have a penult that is long by nature, of these the nominatives too are in every case circumflexed, e.g. βοῶντος, βοῶν; χρυσοῦντος, χρυσοῦν; κεροῦντος, κερῶν; κτενοῦντος, κτενῶν. But those whose penult has only ο, their nominatives are oxytone, being of the second aorist: λαβόντος, λαβών; δραμόντος, δραμών. And the forms in -ας: those of the first aorist all have the accent on the antepenult: τελέσας, ποιήσας, τύψας, γεμίσας, σαλπίσας, λεπίσας, καλλωπίσας, βρίσας, κτίσας, λακτίσας, with which also ἴσας.