Accentuation of Greek adverbs and conjunctions: behavior of adverbs in -ως and -ος, Doric forms, rules for monosyllabic conjunctions (γάρ, δέ, μέν, etc.), conjunctions ending in -α and -ς, compound/connective conjunctions and their accentuation.
Τὰ εἰς 'ως' μέγα ἐπιρρήματα ἐπὶ τέλους ἔχοντα τὸν τόνον περισπῶνται ἀληθῶς, ἀψευδῶς πλὴν τοῦ ὥς. Δωριεῖς δὲ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς 'ος' ὀξυτόνων ἐπιρρήματα ὀξύνουσι σοφός σοφώς, καλός καλώς. {1Περὶ συνδέσμων.}1 Πᾶς σύνδεσμος μονοσύλλαβος μὴ ἔχων φύσει μακρὰν ὀξύνεται, γάρ, τάρ, ἄρ, ῥά, δέ, τέ, μέν, κέν, ἄν, πέρ. Οἱ δὲ εἰς 'α' λήγοντες καὶ ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν ὄντες πάντες βαρύνονται, ὡς ἔχει τὸ ἆρα, ὅτε διαπορητικός ἐστι, ἐκτείνων τὸ πρῶτον 'α', καὶ ὁ συλλογιστὸς καὶ παραπληρωματικὸς ἑκάτερον συστέλλων. τοιοῦτος καὶ ὁ κᾶτα μακρὸν ἔχων τὸ 'α' τὸ πρῶτον, ὄφρα, ἵνα, ἔμπα, ἕνεκα, οὕνεκα, δῆτα. ὅθεν σημειούμεθα τὸν ἀλλά ὀξυνόμενον. καθόλου γὰρ οἱ συμπλεκτικοὶ ὀξύνονται, μέν, δέ, τέ, καί, ἠμέν, ἠδέ, ἀτάρ, αὐτάρ· οὕτως οὖν καὶ ὁ ἀλλά. σημειούμεθα ἐν τοῖς συμπλεκτικοῖς τὸν ἤτοι βαρυνόμενον, ὃς οὐ μόνον συμπλεκτικός ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διαζευκτικὸς οἷον »ἤτοι ἄξιον ἢ οὐκ ἄξιον«. Πᾶς σύνδεσμος εἰς 'ς' λήγων μακροκατάληκτος βαρύνεται, εἰσὶ δὲ
The adverbs in -ως, when they have the accent on the final syllable, are in truth circumflexed, without exception, except ὥς. The Dorians, however, accent the adverbs derived from oxytone adjectives in -ος with an acute: σοφός σοφώς, καλός καλώς. {1On conjunctions.}1 Every monosyllabic conjunction that does not have a naturally long vowel is accented with an acute: γάρ, τάρ, ἄρ, ῥά, δέ, τέ, μέν, κέν, ἄν, πέρ. But those ending in -α and consisting of more than one syllable are all barytone, as is ἆρα when it is interrogative, lengthening the first α, while the inferential and the expletive forms each shorten it. Such too is κᾶτα, having the first α long; likewise ὄφρα, ἵνα, ἔμπα, ἕνεκα, οὕνεκα, δῆτα. Hence we note ἀλλά as being accented with an acute. For in general the copulative conjunctions are accented with an acute: μέν, δέ, τέ, καί, ἠμέν, ἠδέ, ἀτάρ, αὐτάρ; so then ἀλλά as well. Among the copulatives we note ἤτοι as barytone, since it is not only copulative but also disjunctive, e.g. “ἤτοι ἄξιον ἢ οὐκ ἄξιον.” Every conjunction ending in -ς with a long final syllable is barytone; and they are…