Accent and length patterns of various Greek endings in participles, infinitives, and adverbs ('μι', 'θαι', 'ς', 'ζε', 'τι', 'αν', 'υς'); Aeolic dialect features; rules about vowel lengthening/shortening and accentuation; articles and aspirates.
* Πᾶς δεύτερος ἀόριστος ἐπὶ τῶν εἰς 'μι' μακροκατάληκτός ἐστιν, ἔγνων, ἑάλων, ἐξέτρων, ἔτλην, ἔστην, ἔδην, ἔφην. ἔφυν ἄρα καὶ ἔδυν. * Τὰ εἰς 'θαι' λήγοντα ἀπαρέμφατα μὴ κατὰ Αἰολίδα διάλεκτον τρίτην ἀπὸ τέλους ἔχοντα τὴν ὀξεῖαν φιλεῖ πρὸ τέλους βραχύνεσθαι, λέγεσθαι, τίθεσθαι, ἵστασθαι, πίμπρασθαι. τὰ γὰρ τοιαῦτα δίζησθαι, φίλησθαι ὑποφαίνει Αἰολικὸν χαρακτῆρα. οὕτως οὖν καὶ ταῦτα ἀναγνωστέον τῆς παραληγούσης βραχυνομένης, δεδάασθαι, μηχανάασθαι, αἰτιάασθαι, ἑδριάασθαι, μνάασθαι. τὸ δὲ δηριαάσθων (Φ 467) τὸ δεύτερον 'α' ἐκτατέον. τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ χαρακτὴρ βούλεται. * Αἱ εἰς 'ς' λήγουσαι μετοχαὶ ἀρσενικαὶ ἤτοι βραχυκατάληκτοί εἰσιν, ὡς αἱ εἰς 'ος' λήγουσαι, τυπτόμενος, λεγόμενος ἢ μακροκατάληκτοι ὡς αἱ μὴ οὕτως ἔχουσαι, πεποιθώς, διδούς, βιούς· εἰ δὲ εἰς δίχρονον λήγουσιν, ἐκτεταμένον αὐτὸ ἔχουσιν, ἱστάς, βιβάς, ζευγνύς, δύς, φύς. * Τὰ εἰς 'ζε' λήγοντα ἐπιρρήματα, ὁπότε ἔχει πρὸ τέλους τὸ 'α', συνεσταλμένον αὐτὸ ἔχει, Ἀθήναζε, θύραζε, Θήβαζε, ἔραζε. τὸ μέντοι χαμᾶζε ἐκτείνει τὸ 'α' καὶ προπερισπᾶται. * Τὰ εἰς 'τι' λήγοντα ἐπιρρήματα, εἰ γένοιτο ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς 'ζω' ληγόντων ῥημάτων ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς 'ως' ἐπιρρημάτων, συστέλλειν θέλει τὸ 'ι', Ἰαστί, Λυδιστί, Φρυγιστί, Δωριστί, μεγαλωστί, δημιωστί, ἱερωστί, νεωστί. τὸ μέντοι ἀπνευστί καὶ ἀνωιστί παρὰ τὸ ἄπνευστος καὶ ἀνώϊστος. τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν πτωτικῶν οὕτω μηκύνεται, ὡς ἔχει τὸ ἀκονιτί, ἀναιμωτί, ἀκλαυτί, πανθοινί, ἀκριτί, ἀμογητί. τὸ 'ι' δὲ ἔσθ´ ὅτε καὶ συνεσταλμένον προφέρεται ἀδείᾳ ποιητικῇ «Νέστωρ δ´ ὁ γέρων ἀμογητί» καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς (Λ 636). οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἀμισθί «ἀμισθὶ γάρ σε πάμπαν». * Τὰ εἰς 'αν' λήγοντα ἐπιρρήματα ἐκτείνουσι τὸ 'α', ἄγαν, λίαν, πέραν, εὔἁν, ὑπεσταλμένου τοῦ πάμπαν. τὸ γὰρ ὅταν δύο μέρη λόγου ἐστί, ὅτε καὶ ἄν. τὸ δὲ τάλαν ὀνοματικόν ἐστι. * Τὰ εἰς 'υς' ἐπιρρήματα εἰ λέγοιτο ἄνευ τοῦ 'ς' ἰσόχρονα λέγεται, μεσσηγύς μεσσηγύ. τὸ μέντοι ἄντικρυς μεταβαλὸν τὸν τόνον μετέβαλε καὶ τὸν χρόνον. {1Περὶ πνευμάτων.}1 Πᾶν ἄρθρον ἀπὸ φωνήεντος ἀρχόμενον δασύνεται, ὅ, οὗ, ᾧ. τὸ δὲ ὦ ψιλοῦται, οὐ γὰρ ἄρθρον, ἀλλ´ ἐπίρρημα κλητικόν.
Every second aorist in the verbs in -μι is long in its final syllable: ἔγνων, ἑάλων, ἐξέτρων, ἔτλην, ἔστην, ἔδην, ἔφην; therefore ἔφυν and ἔδυν as well.
The infinitives ending in -θαι, when they do not, according to the Aeolic dialect, have the acute on the third syllable from the end, tend to have the syllable before the last shortened: λέγεσθαι, τίθεσθαι, ἵστασθαι, πίμπρασθαι. For such forms as δίζησθαι, φίλησθαι indicate an Aeolic character. Thus these too must be read with the penult shortened: δεδάασθαι, μηχανάασθαι, αἰτιάασθαι, ἑδριάασθαι, μνάασθαι. But in δηριαάσθων (Φ 467) the second α must be lengthened; for the character requires this.
Masculine participles ending in -ς are either short in their final syllable, like those ending in -ος, τυπτόμενος, λεγόμενος, or long in their final syllable, like those not so formed, πεποιθώς, διδούς, βιούς; but if they end in a syllable of variable quantity, they have it lengthened: ἱστάς, βιβάς, ζευγνύς, δύς, φύς.
Adverbs ending in -ζε, whenever they have α before the last syllable, have it contracted: Ἀθήναζε, θύραζε, Θήβαζε, ἔραζε. However, χαμᾶζε lengthens the α and is circumflexed on the antepenult.
Adverbs ending in -τι, if they are formed from verbs ending in -ζω or from adverbs in -ως, wish to contract the ι: Ἰαστί, Λυδιστί, Φρυγιστί, Δωριστί, μεγαλωστί, δημιωστί, ἱερωστί, νεωστί. However, ἀπνευστί and ἀνωιστί are from ἄπνευστος and ἀνώϊστος. But those formed from case-forms are lengthened in this way, as ἀκονιτί, ἀναιμωτί, ἀκλαυτί, πανθοινί, ἀκριτί, ἀμογητί. Yet sometimes the ι is also pronounced contracted by poetic license: “Νέστωρ δ´ ὁ γέρων ἀμογητί” and what follows (Λ 636). So too ἀμισθί: “ἀμισθὶ γάρ σε πάμπαν.”
Adverbs ending in -αν lengthen the α: ἄγαν, λίαν, πέραν, εὔἁν, with the exception of πάμπαν, which is shortened. For ὅταν is two parts of speech, ὅτε and ἄν; but τάλαν is a noun.
Adverbs in -υς, if they are said without the ς, are said with equal quantity: μεσσηγύς, μεσσηγύ. However, ἄντικρυς, having changed its accent, also changed its quantity.
{1On breathings.}1 Every article beginning with a vowel is aspirated: ὅ, οὗ, ᾧ. But ὦ is without aspiration, for it is not an article but a vocative adverb.